LAUSR

The modulating of the geometric and electronic structures of metal-N-C atomic catalysts for improving their performance in catalyzing oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) is highly desirable yet challenging. We herein report a delicate "encapsulation-substitution" strategy for the synthesis of paired metal sites in N-doped carbon. With the regulation of the d-orbital energy level, a significant increment in oxygen electroreduction activity was demonstrated in Ru-Co diatomic catalyst (DAC) compared with other diatomic (Ru-Fe and Ru-Ni) and single-atomic counterparts. The Ru-Co DAC efficiently reduces oxygen with a halfwave potential of 0.895 V vs RHE and a turnover frequency of 2.424 s-1 at 0.7 V, establishing optimal thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors in the triple-phase reaction under practical conditions. Moreover, the Ru-Co DAC electrode displays bifunctional activity in a gas diffusion Zn-air battery with a small voltage gap of 0.603 V, outperforming the commercial Pt/C|RuO2 catalyst. Our findings provide a clear understanding of site-to-site interaction on ORR and a benchmark evaluation of atomic catalysts with correlations of diatomic structure, energy level, and overall catalytic performance at the subnanometer level.