LAUSR

Simple Summary Members of the Simulium ornatum group are among the most abundant and widely distributed black flies in the Palearctic region. We investigated the chromosomal, molecular, and morphological diversity of this group across the varied landscape of Kyrgyzstan. Morphology and chromosomal band patterns suggested the presence of one or two species, whereas mitochondrial DNA sequences indicated up to three species. We linked the name Simulium mesasiaticum with cytologically undifferentiated sex chromosomes, one of three mitochondrial DNA clusters, and higher elevations. We tentatively associated the name Simulium ferganicum with differentiated sex chromosomes, a second DNA cluster, and lower elevations. One Kyrgyz larva in a third DNA cluster could not be linked to a formal species name. The analyses also indicated that Simulium ornatum, the namesake of the entire group, does not occur in Kyrgyzstan despite previous records. The results demonstrate that using only one source of data does not provide a complete picture of the biodiversity and integrated taxonomy is often necessary for species resolution in the family Simuliidae. Abstract By any measure, such as abundance, species diversity or geographic range, the Simulium ornatum species group is one of the most successful Palearctic taxa of black flies. To explore potential diversity in this group in the Tian Shan range of Central Asia, we focused on Kyrgyzstan, in which three nominal morphospecies have been recorded. Among our samples, we morphologically identified S. mesasiaticum Rubtsov and a second possible species tentatively identified as S. ferganicum Rubtsov. By analyzing banding patterns of the larval polytene chromosomes, we discovered two fixed inversions, two sex-linked rearrangements, and 19 autosomal rearrangements, including supernumerary B chromosomes. The chromosomal data indicate minimal diversity of only one or two species across the surveyed area of nearly 50,000 km2. Mitochondrial DNA (CO1) sequences fell into three distinct clusters, possibly representing separate species. The chromosomal, molecular, and morphological data indicate that Kyrgyz populations are unique within the S. ornatum group, but the data sets are not entirely congruent. Thus, reconciling data sets and assigning existing names is tentative. Simulium mesasiaticum is linked with undifferentiated sex chromosomes, one of the three CO1 clades, and higher elevations, whereas S. ferganicum is tenuously associated with differentiated sex chromosomes, a separate CO1 clade, and lower elevations. These associations leave one Kyrgyz larva, which is in a third CO1 clade, unlinked to a formal species name. Our analyses also indicate that S. ornatum Meigen sensu stricto, contrary to previous reports, does not occur in Kyrgyzstan and should be deleted from the country’s faunal list.