LAUSR

It is shown that producing PrBaCo2O5 and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 nanoparticle by a scalable synthesis method leads to high mass activities for the oxygen evolution reaction with outstanding improvements by 10 and 50 times, respectively, compared to those prepared via the state of the art synthesis method. Here, detailed comparisons at both laboratory and industrial scales show that Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 appears to be the most active and stable perovskite catalyst under alkaline conditions, while PrBaCo2O6 reveals thermodynamic instability described by the density functional theory based Pourbaix diagrams highlighting cation dissolution under oxygen evolution conditions. Operando Xray absorption spectroscopy is used in parallel to monitor electronic and structural changes of the catalysts during oxygen evolution reaction. The exceptional BSCF functional stability can be correlated to its thermodynamic metastability under oxygen evolution conditions as highlighted by Pourbaix diagram analysis. BSCF is able to dynamically self reconstruct its surface, leading to formation of Co based oxyhydroxide layers while retaining its structural stability. Differently, PBCO demonstrates a high initial oxygen evolution reaction activity while it undergoes a degradation process considering its thermodynamic instability under oxygen evolution conditions as anticipated by its Pourbaix diagram. Overall, this work demonstrates a synergetic approach of using both experimental and theoretical studies to understand the behavior of perovskite catalysts.