LAUSR

In recent decades, the incidence of cancer has increased significantly, which proves to be a great threaten to human life, and brings heavy burden and pain to individuals, families, and society. With the cross-fusion of traditional medical imaging and targeting technology, molecular imaging has been expected to help the non-invasive and quantitative observation of cancer cell occurrence, development and metastasis at the cellular and molecular level, which is conducive to the grasp of cancer activity in vivo, and also to diagnose cancer as early as possible. Moreover, thanks to the combined therapy of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, better treatment and improved overall efficacy have been achieved up to now. As a result, more lives can be saved and quality of life can be improved. However, one big challenge remaining now is the responsive evaluation of therapy. To date, it is hard to estimate the curing effects exactly, nor the appropriate dosage that is needed to be applied. Consequently, it is difficult to adjust the treatment plan in a truly personalized manner. Theranostics, with simultaneously therapeutic and diagnostic functions, is arguably of greatest help in patient stratification and treatment selection. Meanwhile, considering the rapid development of nanomedicine in addressing biomedical challenges, nanotheranostics—that possesses the advantages of both theranostics and nanomedicine—has achieved