LAUSR

As the global population ages, bone-related diseases have increasingly become a major social problem threatening human health. Exosomes, as natural cell products, have been used to treat bone-related diseases due to their superior biocompatibility, biological barrier penetration, and therapeutic effects. Moreover, the modified exosomes exhibit strong bone-targeting capabilities that may improve efficacy and avoid systemic side effects, demonstrating promising translational potential. However, a review of bone-targeted exosomes is still lacking. Thus, we focus on the recently developed exosomes for bone-targeting applications in this review. We introduce the biogenesis and bone-targeting regulatory functions of exosomes, the constructive strategies of modified exosomes to improve bone-targeting, and their therapeutic effects for bone-related diseases. By summarizing developments and challenges in bone-targeted exosomes, we strive to shed light on the selection of exosome constructive strategies for different bone diseases and highlight their translational potential for future clinical orthopaedics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.