LAUSR

Li-ion batteries, the most-popular secondary battery, are typically electrochemical systems controlled by ion insertion dynamics. The battery dynamics involves mass transport, charge transfer, ion-electron coupled reaction, electrolyte penetration, ion solvation, and interfacial evolution. However, the traditional electrochemical methods are hard to capture the accurate and individual details of different dynamic processes in the "black box" batteries, instead, only the net result of multi-factors on whole scale. Recently, different types of advanced visualization techniques are developed, which provide us powerful tools to track and monitor the internal on-site real-time dynamic processes inside the "black box" batteries, giving intuitionistic details and fine information at various scales from crystal lattice, single particle, electrode to cell level. Here, we review the recent progress on the investigation of electrochemical dynamics in battery materials via developed techniques across wide timescales and space-scales, including the dynamic process inside the active particle, kinetics issues at the electrode/electrolyte interface, dynamic inhomogeneity in electrode, and dynamic transportation in cell level. Finally, we summarize the fundamental principles to improve the battery dynamics and highlight new technologies for future more stringent conditions. In prospect, this review opens sight on battery interior for a clearer, deeper and more thorough understanding of dynamics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.