About 20%–30% of children with birth defects have multiple major birth defects in more than one organ system, often referred to as multiple congenital anomalies (MCAs). Evaluating the patterns of… Click to show full abstract
About 20%–30% of children with birth defects have multiple major birth defects in more than one organ system, often referred to as multiple congenital anomalies (MCAs). Evaluating the patterns of MCAs can provide clues to the underlying causes, pathogenic mechanisms, and developmental pathways. We sought to explore selected patterns of MCAs within the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a population‐based, case–control study that excluded cases attributed to known chromosomal or single‐gene abnormalities.
               
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