LAUSR

Immunotherapy is an effective way to mobilize the body‘s own immune system to confront tumor cells. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy is affected by tumor heterogeneity, and the low therapeutic response to immunotherapy may lead to negative outcomes, which reinforces the urgency for early benefit predictors. Evaluating the infiltration of immune cells in solid tumors and metabolism changes of tumors provide potential response targets for monitoring immune response. Non‐invasive imaging identifying prognostic biomarkers can select the beneficiaries of targeted immunotherapy from non‐responses. Quantitative biomarkers may eventually improve the cancer management, help customize individual treatment plans and predict the treatment outcomes. In this review, we summarize the non‐invasive optical molecular imaging methods for monitoring immunotherapy. With the combination of imaging and immunotherapy, the prediction of immunotherapy response may promote the development of precision medicine.