Interleukin 2 (IL‐2) is a growth factor for T and natural killer cells, promotes proinflammatory cytokines, and can lead to durable responses in patients with melanoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor… Click to show full abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL‐2) is a growth factor for T and natural killer cells, promotes proinflammatory cytokines, and can lead to durable responses in patients with melanoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis and modulates host innate and adaptive immunity. High VEGF levels were found to be associated with nonresponse to IL‐2. Ziv‐aflibercept may deplete VEGF and thereby enhance antitumor T‐cell responses, thus supporting a combination immunotherapeutic strategy with IL‐2.
               
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