LAUSR

This study explores the synthesis of bio-lubricants derived from palm oil, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based lubricants. Through epoxidation and subsequent ring-opening reactions using isoamyl alcohol, palmitic acid esters (PAE), with enhanced thermal and oxidative stability was developed. Optimal ring-opening reaction conditions, identified as 100 °C with p-toluenesulfonic acid as the catalyst. The synthesized bio-lubricant PAE, exhibited superior tribological performance, achieving lower friction coefficients  and reduced wear scar diameters compared to the original palm oil. Comparing PAE with palm oil, the average coefficient of friction was reduced by 9.8%, the PB value increased from 82 kg to 88 kg, and the PD value increased from 620 kg to 800 kg. The average grinding spot diameter decreased from about 600 μm to 500 μm, a decrease of 16.7%.These findings highlight its potential as a sustainable and effective industrial lubricant.This study underscores the significance of chemical modification in enhancing the performance of bio-lubricants and contributes to the development of environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional petroleum-based products, offering sustainable solutions for industrial lubrication needs.