LAUSR

Conversion of biomass into biofuels and high value-added chemicals is a promising strategy to solve the increasingly deteriorating environmental problems caused by fossil energy consumption. The development of efficient technologies and methods is the premise and guarantee to realize the high-value conversion of biomass. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), as a versatile biomass platform compound, is generated via dehydration of hexoses (e.g. fructose and glucose) derived from cellulosic biomass. In the minireview, we overview the advances and challenges on electro- and photocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived HMF to high-value chemicals such as 2,5-formylfuran (DFF) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). These strategies and methods for the preparation of high-value chemicals by electro- and photocatalytic oxidation of HMF, coupled with e.g., hydrogen evolution reaction, organic substrate reduction, CO 2 reduction reaction, or N 2 reduction reaction, are summarized and discussed. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency and mechanism of different types of catalysts were also introduced in these conversion systems.