LAUSR

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia diagnosed in adults. Despite advances in medical care, the treatment of AML still faces many challenges, such as treatment‐related toxicities, that limit the use of high‐intensity chemotherapy, especially in elderly patients. Currently, various immunotherapeutic approaches, that is, CAR‐T cells, BiTEs, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, are being tested in clinical trials to prolong remission and improve the overall survival of AML patients. However, early reports show only limited benefits of these interventions and only in a subset of patients, showing the need for better patient stratification based on immunological markers. We have therefore developed and optimized a 30‐color panel for evaluation of effector immune cell (NK cells, γδ T cells, NKT‐like T cells, and classical T cells) infiltration into the bone marrow and analysis of their phenotype with regard to their differentiation, expression of inhibitory (PD‐1, TIGIT, Tim3, NKG2A) and activating receptors (DNAM‐1, NKG2D). We also evaluate the immune evasive phenotype of CD33+ myeloid cells, CD34+CD38−, and CD34+CD38+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by analyzing the expression of inhibitory ligands such as PD‐L1, CD112, CD155, and CD200. Our panel can be a valuable tool for patient stratification in clinical trials and can also be used to broaden our understanding of check‐point inhibitory networks in AML.