LAUSR

During the last few decades, much attention has focused on how global change is affecting the environment and species distributions. Land-use change is still the major cause of species declines worldwide, but changes in species distributions have been documented even in pristine and protected areas. Here, we document the distribution dynamics of 26 species of frogs and birds within a Caribbean protected area between 2015 and 2019. Specifically, we document species occupancy and detectability in 59 sites along three elevational transects within the El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico. Species were sampled using acoustic recorders, species identification algorithms, and post-classification validation. The study period included a severe drought (2015–2016) and a category 4 hurricane (2017). The distribution of most frog species did not change significantly during the study period. In contrast, the distributions of the bird species contracted between the 2015 and 2016 pre-hurricane surveys. This contraction coincides with a severe drought that peaked after the 2015 survey. The response of bird species after H. Maria was heterogeneous. Our results suggest that for many species, particularly birds, the 2015–2016 drought in Puerto Rico had a greater negative effect than H. Maria. The difference in the response of the bird and frog communities is likely related to their abundance at the site level, their ability to disperse, and temporal patterns of reproduction. If a site is occupied by a frog species, it could easily include 100s of individuals, and even if condition worsens, over a relatively short period the species will continue to occupy the site. In contrast, a site may only be occupied by one or a few individuals of birds. Birds have also higher dispersal abilities than frogs. Furthermore, Puerto Rican frogs reproduce year-round, whereas birds concentrate their reproduction during a few months in the wet season. Future climate scenarios predict a decrease in total precipitation and an increase in droughts for the region, which emphasizes the need to consider the diversity of changes that will be associated with future climate change.