LAUSR

Present study was carried out to investigate the effect of long‐term mobile phone radiation exposure in different operative modes (Dialing, Receiving, and Stand‐by) on immature male mice. Three‐week old male mice were exposed to mobile phone (1800 MHz) radiation for 3 hr/day for 120 days in different operative modes. To check the changes/alteration in testicular histoarchitecture and serum testosterone level, HE staining and ELISA was performed respectively. Further, we have checked the redox status (ROS, NO, MDA level, and antioxidant enzymes: SOD, CAT, and GPx) by biochemical estimation, alteration in the expression of pro‐apoptotic proteins (p53 and Bax), active executioner caspase‐3, full length/uncleaved PARP‐1 (DNA repair enzyme), anti‐apoptotic proteins (Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL) in testes by immunofluorescence and cytosolic cytochrome‐c by Western blot. Decreased seminiferous tubule diameter, sperm count, and viability along with increased germ cells apoptosis and decreased serum testosterone level, was observed in the testes of all the mobile phone exposed mice compared with control. We also observed that, mobile phone radiation exposure in all the three different operative modes alters the testicular redox status via increasing ROS, NO, and MDA level, and decreasing antioxidant enzymes levels leading to enhanced apoptosis of testicular cells by increasing the expression of pro‐apoptotic and apoptotic proteins along with decreasing the expression of anti‐apoptotic protein. On the basis of results, it is conclude that long‐term mobile phone radiation exposure induced oxidative stress leads to apoptosis of testicular cells and thus impairs testicular function.