LAUSR

In the present study, we investigated the role of PKR‐like endoplasmic reticular kinase (PERK), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress kinase, in endothelin 1 (ET‐1)‐ and thrombin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and the preventive effects of curcumin (CUR). Using the human embryonic WI‐38 lung fibroblast cell line, ET‐1 and thrombin induced the expression of ER stress‐related proteins (CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein, PERK, and binding immunoglobulin protein), a profibrogenic factor (cellular communication network factor 2 [CCN2]), and differentiation markers including α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), collagen I (Col I), and Col IV. Knockdown of PERK expression via small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced the increases in CCN2, α‐SMA, Col I, and Col IV proteins in WI‐38 cells according to western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was observed in ET‐1‐ and thrombin‐treated WI‐38 cells, and the addition of a JNK inhibitor (SP) suppressed the induction of the indicated proteins by ET‐1 and thrombin. Thapsigargin (TG), an ER stress inducer, elevated expressions of PERK and ER stress‐related proteins with increased differentiation of WI‐38 cells. Knockdown of PERK by siRNA or the PERK inhibitor glycogen synthesis kinase reduced expressions of the differentiation markers, α‐SMA and Col IV, in WI‐38 cells. CUR concentration‐dependently inhibited ET‐1‐ or thrombin‐induced CCN2, α‐SMA, and vimentin proteins with decreased levels of phosphorylated mitogen‐activated protein kinase and PERK in WI‐38 cells. An in vivo bleomycin‐induced PF study showed that an intraperitoneal injection of CUR (30 mg/kg) reduced expressions of α‐SMA, CCN2, Col IV, and vimentin in lung tissues via IHC staining using specific antibodies. This study is the first to demonstrate that PERK activation contributes to pulmonary fibroblast differentiation elicited by ET‐1 or thrombin, and the inhibitory activity of CUR against PF is demonstrated herein.