LAUSR

A higher expression level of mitogenic fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) has been reported in human nasal mucus of both chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Meanwhile, we have shown that long pentraxin 3 (PTX3), an essential component of humoral innate immunity that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation, was overproduced in human nasal mucosae and secretions of CRSsNP. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate how FGF‐2 regulates PTX3 expression in human CRSsNP nasal mucosa‐derived fibroblast cells (hNMDFs). The FGF‐2 treatment caused ptx3 mRNA expression and PTX3 protein induction and secretion. In parallel, a differential expression of FGF receptor (FGFR)−1 to FGFR‐4 was observed in hNMDFs and human nasal tissues. While conventionally known PI3K/Akt/mTOR and AP‐1 pathways following FGFR activation were shown to be involved, the protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) were also found to be as critical signaling molecules in FGF‐2‐induced PTX3 induction. The PKCδ and CREB activation could be detected in total cells and in the cell nucleus. Accordingly, a novel CREB binding sequence was detected in the human ptx3 promoter region and could interact with activated CREB in cells challenged with FGF‐2. Surprisingly, the phospholipase D (PLD), but not phosphoinositide‐ and phosphatidylcholine‐phospholipase C, was necessarily required for PKCδ and CREB activation. Therefore, we demonstrated here for the first time that FGF‐2 mediates PTX3 production not only through PI‐3K/Akt/mTOR and AP‐1 activation, but also through a novel FGFR–PLD–PKCδ–CREB cellular signaling pathway.