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BACKGROUND Resistant dextrin, as a prebiotic and functional food, may possess favorable effects in type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to assess whether supplementation with resistant dextrin can improve sleep and quality of life in obese type 2 diabetic women. RESULTS In this randomized controlled trial, female obese type 2 diabetic patients (n=76) were randomly assigned into intervention group (n=38) and placebo group (n=38), and received 10g/d of resistant dextrin or maltodextrin for a period of 8 weeks, respectively. Sleep quality and quality of life (QOL) were assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and SF-36 health survey, respectively. Fasting blood samples were driven to measure serum bacterial endotoxin, fasting blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-18, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), and biomarkers of hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis function [tryptophan (TRP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), kynurenine (KYN), cortisol]. Supplementation with resistant dextrin improved sleep (p<0.001) and QOL (p<0.001) significantly. It also caused a significant decrease in levels of endotoxin, HbA1c, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α and a significant increase in IL-10 levels. Significant and positive correlations were found between endotoxin (r=0.488, p=0.003), IL-6 (r=0.436, p=0.008), IL-18 (r=0.475, p=0.003), cortisol (r=0.545, p=0.048), KYN/TRP (r=0.527, p=0.001), and PSQI scores. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that resistant dextrin improves sleep and quality of life in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Its beneficial effects may be attributed in part to modulation of glycemia, metabolic endotoxemia and subsequently a decrease in biomarkers of inflammation, and hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.