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BACKGROUND This study investigated the inhibitory efficiency of phenolic compounds content methyl vanillate, syringic acid and vanillic acid against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The phenolic compound contents of ten Thai colored rice cultivars were also determined, and the relationship between the inhibitory efficiency of colored rice extract with methyl vanillate, syringic acid and vanillic acid was evaluated. RESULTS The results revealed that the inhibition efficiency of methyl vanillate, syringic acid and vanillic acid was higher against α-glucosidase than against α-amylase. Inhibitory activity of vanillic acid against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was the highest with IC50 of 0.100 ± 0.01 and 0.130 ± 0.02 mM respectively. Docking study showed strong binding by three hydrogen bonds and four hydrogen bonds between vanillic acid with the amino acid in the binding site of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. Inhibition modes of these phenolic compounds were defined as a mixed type inhibition against α-glucosidase. Highest phenolic compound contents of methyl vanillate, syringic acid and vanillic acid were obtained from methanol extracts of all rice cultivars. The methanol extracts of all colored rice cultivars such as Khao Leum Pua also showed the highest inhibition potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The results indicated that these phenolic compound contents were closely related to the inhibition potential of colored rice extracts against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that rice, especially colored rice cultivars, has the source of phenolic compounds. Moreover, the phenolic compounds had the greatest source of natural inhibitor against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.