LAUSR

BACKGROUND Most allelochemicals are secondary products released from root excretions or plant residues that accumulate in continuous cropping systems and cause severe decline in peanut yield. Resveratrol is a plant-derived stilbene that is released from peanut residues and accumulates in the soil; however, its allelopathic effects on peanut production are overlooked. Effective management solutions need to be developed to relieve allelopathy caused by soil resveratrol. Here, the biodegradation of resveratrol by the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari was investigated in mineral salt medium and a soil trial. Resveratrol and its metabolites (produced via degradation by P. liquidambari) were detected via high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). RESULTS Resveratrol released from peanut residues reached a maximum concentration of 0.18 μg g-1 soil in litterbag experiments. Exogenous resveratrol inhibited peanut growth, nodule formation and soil dehydrogenase activity, and reduced the soil microbial biomass carbon content and bacterial abundance, indicating an allelopathic role in peanut growth. More than 97% of the resveratrol was degraded within 72 h and 168 h by P. liquidambari in pure culture and soil conditions, respectively. Resveratrol was first cleaved to 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which were subsequently oxidized into 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Fungal resveratrol cleavage oxygenase and the related gene expression were enhanced when P. liquidambari was induced by the resveratrol during the incubation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the practical application of the fungal endophyte P. liquidambari has a strong potential for biodegrading soil resveratrol, which can cause allelopathy in peanut continuous cropping systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.