LAUSR

Natural bioactive compounds derived from plants, microbes, and marine organisms represent a rich and diverse reservoir of structurally complex molecules with a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review comprehensively explores the chemical diversity of these compounds, spanning major classes such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and glycosides, and elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular effects. A novel contribution of this review is its emphasis on the integration of advanced technologies that are reshaping natural product research. Biotechnological approaches, including plant cell culture, microbial fermentation, and metabolic engineering, support more sustainable and scalable production. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems enhance bioavailability and therapeutic performance by addressing pharmacokinetic challenges. Artificial intelligence enables faster screening, structural analysis, and activity prediction, significantly accelerating discovery and development. These interdisciplinary strategies also help overcome challenges such as low yield, toxicity, chemical variability, and environmental concerns. The review further discusses diverse industrial applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. By highlighting the combined use of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and AI-driven tools, this review underscores a new paradigm in the sustainable and efficient utilization of natural bioactive compounds for both health and industry.