LAUSR

BACKGROUND The significance of morphological responses of hosts on susceptibility against gall-inducing insects are relatively unknown specially in planted forests. Here, we investigate the temporal morphological responses (gall development) induced by the invasive gall wasp Leptocybe invasa and the subsequent insect development in two Eucalyptus clones. RESULTS Our results identified a novel stage of gall development, not previously reported, termed here "brownish ring." In both hosts similar gall development stages were observed. Although L. invasa oviposited in both clones, comparison of external morphological traits of galls over time revealed a differential response in the number of galls between clones. Comparison of the developmental time of each gall and insect stage between clones suggests that plant defense mechanisms against L. invasa are activated shortly after oviposition by the wasp, yet before gall formation. CONCLUSION Gall number is an important parameter that should be used to measure host susceptibility among Eucalyptus clones. To our best knowledge, this is the first study showing differential morphological responses induced by a galling insect, even before gall formation, revealing differences in susceptibility between different plant hosts. These findings provide insight into to use of early stages of galls formation by L. invasa to prevent invasion and establishment of this pest.