LAUSR

BACKGROUND High temperatures will occur more frequently global warming, with potential impacts on the efficacy of biological control agents. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced by high temperature, but their possible roles in pest resistance to entomopathogens remain unexplored. We investigated the effects of high temperature (35 °C) on Helicoverpa armigera resistance to HearNPV and the putative roles of HSPs in this process. RESULTS Even short periods (24 h) of high temperature (35 °C) reduced mortality in HearNPV-infected H. armigera larvae. Sustained 35 °C exposure significantly shortened developmental time, and increased fresh weight and locomotor activity in infected larvae. Moreover, high temperature inhibited virus replication and thickened the epidermis of H. armigera, resulting in reduced spread of infection from cadavers. Real-time PCR analysis showed that expression of 11 heat shock protein (HSPs) genes was altered by the 35 °C treatment, and that mostly small heat shock protein genes (sHSPs) were up-regulated, the same sHSPs induced when larvae were infected with HearNPV. Finally, RNAi suppression of these sHSPs showed that only Hsp24.91 and Hsp21.8 diminished H. armigera defensive responses to HearNPV infection. CONCLUSION Even short periods of exposure to high temperature can significantly reduce susceptibility of H. armigera larvae to HearNPV by stimulating the production of sHSPs which enhance immune responses, with important implications for the use of entomopathogens as biological control agents under global warming scenarios. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.