LAUSR

BACKGROUND Due to the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, the worldwide mosquito-borne diseases resurgence in recent years, recent advances in proteome technology has facilitated a proteome wide analysis of insecticide resistance-associated proteins in mosquitoes. Understanding the complexity of the molecular basis of insecticide resistance mechanisms employed by mosquitoes will help in designing the most effective and sustainable mosquitoes control methods. RESULTS After thirty generations, insecticide-selected strains showed elevated resistance levels to the cypermethrin used for selection. Proteome data allowed detecting 2892 proteins, of which 2885 differentially expressed proteins achieved quantitative significances in four stages (egg, larvae, pupae, adult) of Culex pipiens pallens cypermethrin-resistant as compared to the susceptible strain. Among them, a significant enrichment of proteins, including cuticular proteins, enzymes involved in the detoxification (cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, esterase, ATP-binding cassette), and some biological pathways (oxidative phosphorylation, hippo signalling) that are potentially involved in cypermethrin resistance was observed. Thirty-one representative differentially expressed proteins (cytochrome P450, Glutathione S-transferase, cuticle protein) during Culex pipiens pallens developmental stages were confirmed by a parallel reaction monitoring strategy. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirmed the power of iTRAQ for identifying concomitantly quantitative proteome changes associated with cypermethrin in Culex pipiens pallens. Proteome analysis suggests that proteome modifications can be selected rapidly by cypermethrin and multiple resistance mechanisms operate simultaneously in cypermethrin-resistant of Culex pipiens pallens, Our results interpret that an upregulated expression of proteins and enzymes like cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, esterase etc that have an impact in insecticide resistance. Previously neglected penetration resistance (cuticular proteins) may play an important role in the adaptive response of Culex pipiens pallens to insecticides. This information may serve as a basis for future work concerning the possible role of these proteins in cypermethrin resistance in mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.