LAUSR

Some of the most recent examples of simulations of as-cast steel ingots are presented in this paper, focusing on discussions concerning available simulation/modeling tools and their capacities and limitations. Although, there has been some success from implementing criterion functions into commercial codes to predict shrinkage porosity and hot tearing, large-scale ingot sectioning experiments, similar to what is done a century ago, are still needed to investigate other issues, such as macrosegregation, since models are currently unable to predict such issues well. Models with more sophisticated features for macrosegregation prediction that incorporate multiphase transport phenomena are already under development. A limiting factor in application of these models for simulating steel ingots is the demand on large computation resources. Following the recent development trend and the projection of Moore’s law (computer hardware), in the foreseeable future, it is predicted that multiphase models will to a great extent reduce the need for the experimental pouring-sectioning trials.