LAUSR

Aims/hypothesis Interventions that reduce inflammation may delay progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes. We examined the effects of vitamin D 3 and/or n -3 fatty acid supplementation vs placebo on 5 year changes in serum inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods This study reports pre-specified secondary outcomes of the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial to Prevent and Treat Diabetic Kidney Disease, in which 1312 US adults with type 2 diabetes and without known cardiovascular disease, malignancy, or end-stage kidney disease were randomised using computer-generated random numbers in blocks of eight to vitamin D 3 (2000 IU/day) vs placebo and n -3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]; 1 g/day) vs placebo in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Participants, examiners, and researchers assessing outcomes were blinded to intervention assignment. We measured serum IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) at baseline and after 2 and 5 years. Results A total of 333 participants were randomised to vitamin D 3 and placebo n -3 fatty acids, 289 to n -3 fatty acids and placebo vitamin D 3 , 370 to vitamin D 3 and n -3 fatty acids, and 320 to 2 placebos; 989 (75%) and 934 (71%) participants returned blood samples at 2 and 5 years, respectively. Participants had a mean age of 67.6 years (46% women). Overall, baseline geometric means of IL-6, hsCRP and NT-proBNP were 1.2 pg/ml, 1.9 mg/l and 262 ng/l, respectively. After 5 years, mean IL-6 and hsCRP remained within 6% of their baseline values while mean NT-proBNP increased by 55% overall. Compared with placebo, participants assigned to vitamin D 3 had a 1.24-fold greater increase in NT-proBNP over 5 years (95% CI 1.09, 1.41; p  = 0.003), while IL-6 and hsCRP did not have a significant difference in change. Comparing n -3 fatty acids with placebo, there was no significant difference in change in IL-6, hsCRP or NT-proBNP. No heterogeneity was observed in subgroup analyses accounting for baseline eGFR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio, initial biomarker concentration, 25-hydroxyvitamin D level or EPA+DHA index. Conclusions/interpretation Among adults with type 2 diabetes, supplementation with vitamin D 3 or n -3 fatty acids did not reduce IL-6, hsCRP or NT-proBNP over 5 years. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01684722 Funding The study was funded by grant R01DK088762 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Graphical abstract