LAUSR

Rationale Barriers to smoking cessation, including negative affect and cognitive dysfunction, may contribute to high smoking rates among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Varenicline may help PLWH quit smoking by improving mood and cognition, yet this has not been explored. Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of varenicline on mood and cognition among PLWH enrolled in a smoking cessation clinical trial. Methods In this secondary analysis of a varenicline trial (NCT01710137), we assessed mood (depression, anxiety) and cognition (attention, working memory) at weeks 0 (baseline), 1, 3, and 12 (end-of-treatment, EOT). Primary outcomes were changes in mood and cognition from baseline to EOT. Secondarily, mood and cognition were evaluated as predictors of biochemically confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at EOT. Results Overall, 173 subjects (87 varenicline, 86 placebo) were included. At EOT, varenicline reduced anxiety ( P  < 0.001), vs. placebo ( P  = 0.31; interaction P  = 0.05). Across both treatment arms, reductions in anxiety from baseline to EOT were associated with a higher likelihood of abstinence (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6, P  = 0.01). There were no significant treatment by time interactions for cognition or depression. Conclusions These data suggest that varenicline operates, at least in part, by reducing anxiety. Anxiety should be an intervention target for smokers with HIV interested in quitting.