LAUSR

Purpose To compare the efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) to transarterial chemoembolization/embolization (TACE/TAE) for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with major portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). Materials and Methods Forty-six patients with advanced HCC with major PVTT who underwent HAIC or TACE/TAE between April 2013 and April 2017 were included. In the HAIC group ( n  = 22), oxaliplatin (35–40 mg/m 2 for 2 h) and 5-fluorouracil (600–800 mg/m 2 for 22 h) on days 1–3 every 4 weeks were administered for a maximum of six serial courses. In the TACE/TAE group ( n  = 24), an emulsion of epirubicin (40–60 mg) and lipiodol was administered followed by particles (cTACE), or particles alone embolization (TAE). Overall survival (OS), tumor response according to mRECIST, progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events were investigated. Results Median OS was 20.8 months in the HAIC group versus 4.0 months in the TACE/TAE group ( P  < 0.001; hazard ratio [HR], 0.17). The HAIC group showed higher tumor response rates than the TACE/TAE group (59.1% [13/22] vs. 22.7% [5/22]; P  = 0.014) and a longer median PFS (9.6 vs. 1.5 months; P  < 0.001; HR, 0.09). The Child–Pugh class ( P  = 0.007) and treatment method ( P  = 0.002) were independent risk factors of survival. The most frequent grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events were liver dysfunction (2 [9.1%] vs. 5 [20.8%]), hematological abnormalities (1 [4.5%] vs. 2 [8.3%]), and fever (1 [4.5%] vs. 4 [16.7%]). One treatment-related death due to acute liver failure occurred 3 days after TACE treatment. Conclusion HAIC may significantly improve OS and provide better tumor control with mild side effects and preserved liver function in patients with advanced HCC with major PVTT compared to TACE/TAE treatment.