LAUSR

For many years, researchers were looking for new antibacterial substances to deal with hospital infections and especially resistant infections. Nanoparticles attracted much attentions because of their very small size that increases the surface to capacity ratio and consequently increase chemical activity. In this study, the antibacterial effects of silver, copper oxide, nickel oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles were studied on Proteus vulgaris, as a bacterium involved in the resistant hospital infections. The capability of nanoparticles to inhibit the growth of bacteria was assessed via 9 different methods including cylinder, disk, and well-diffusion, spot test, MBC, MIC, liquid inhibitory action test, diffusion, and assessing the effects of nanoparticles on a 24-h culture. Based on the results, copper oxide and silver nanoparticles had high antibacterial effects on P. vulgaris in both liquid and solid cultures, respectively. However, nickel oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles only had a weak effect on the inhibition of bacterial growth in the liquid culture. CuO and Ag NPs could release ions and consequently produce free radicals, disturb the equilibrium of electrons between electron donor groups and inactivate enzymes and DNA of the organisms. Moreover, they triggered holes in the bacterial membrane to disturb cellular ion equilibrium. So, they can be used to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Besides, further studies have shown that they could be used as a supplementary treatment and/or in combination with other drugs to cure infections caused by P. vulgaris.