LAUSR

PurposeCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and associated pulmonary hypoplasia are thought to be caused by a malformation of the underlying diaphragmatic and airway mesenchyme. GATA binding protein 6 (Gata-6) is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor that plays a crucial role during diaphragm and lung development. In the primordial diaphragm, Gata-6 expression is restricted to mesenchymal compartments of the pleuroperitoneal folds (PPFs). In addition, Gata-6 is essential for airway branching morphogenesis through upregulation of mesenchymal signaling. Recently, mutations in Gata-6 have been linked to human CDH. We hypothesized that diaphragmatic and pulmonary Gata-6 expression is decreased in the nitrofen-induced CDH model.MethodsTime-mated rats were exposed to either nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9 (D9). Fetal diaphragms (n = 72) and lungs (n = 48) were microdissected on selected timepoints D13, D15 and D18, and divided into control and nitrofen-exposed specimens (n = 12 per sample, timepoint and experimental group, respectively). Diaphragmatic and pulmonary gene expression of Gata-6 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Immunofluorescence-double staining for Gata-6 was combined with the diaphragmatic mesenchymal marker Gata-4 and the pulmonary mesenchymal marker Fgf-10 to evaluate protein expression and localization in fetal diaphragms and lungs.ResultsRelative mRNA expression levels of Gata-6 were significantly decreased in PPFs on D13 (0.57 ± 0.21 vs. 2.27 ± 1.30; p < 0.05), developing diaphragms (0.94 ± 0.59 vs. 2.28 ± 1.89; p < 0.05) and lungs (0.56 ± 0.16 vs. 0.71 ± 0.39; p < 0.05) on D15 and fully muscularized diaphragms (1.20 ± 1.10 vs. 2.52 ± 1.86; p < 0.05) and differentiated lungs (0.56 ± 0.05 vs. 0.77 ± 0.14; p < 0.05) on D18 of nitrofen-exposed fetuses compared to controls. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated markedly diminished immunofluorescence of Gata-6 mainly in diaphragmatic and pulmonary mesenchyme, which was associated with a reduction of proliferating mesenchymal cells in nitrofen-exposed fetuses on D13, D15, and D18 compared to controls.ConclusionDecreased Gata-6 expression during diaphragmatic development and lung branching morphogenesis may disrupt mesenchymal cell proliferation, causing malformed PPFs and reduced airway branching, thus leading to diaphragmatic defects and pulmonary hypoplasia in the nitrofen-induced CDH model.