LAUSR

Charles Miller Fisher was born on December 5, 1913, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. He completed his medical degree at the University of Toronto in 1938. He was awarded a competitive internship at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, subsequently starting residency at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal [1]. In the backdrop of WWII, C M Fisher volunteered for the Canadian Navy in 1940; however, after the fall of France, he was transferred to the British Royal Navy on loan due to the urgent need for more naval medical officers. He served as the physician of an armed cruiser named the Voltaire that was attacked by a German raider in 1941. Rescued from the ocean after six hours by the enemy, he became a prisoner-of-war at German camps for over 3 years [1]. His meticulous attention for detail is evident from his first publication in 1945—an account of medical observations and treatments provided in these camps [2]. After repatriation in September 1944, C M Fisher returned to Canada for a refresher course in medicine which included a 2-month rotation at the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). It was here, under neurosurgeon and MNI director Dr. Wilder Penfield that his career shifted toward neurology. Having impressed the institute director with accurately diagnosing the cause and location of a patient’s focal seizures, an acting-registrar position at MNI was arranged. Encouraged to continue with postgraduate training abroad, a yearlong neuropathology fellowship at Boston City Hospital under Dr. Raymond Adams became the next destination in 1949 [1]. Almost immediately, he made pivotal observations from post-mortem examinations. Specifically, atrial fibrillation had not been previously associated with stroke. C M Fisher demonstrated the concept that atrial emboli migrate, cause infarction, undergo lysis with subsequent reperfusion, and result in secondary petechial hemorrhages [3]. This novel hypothesis was not accepted by pathology journals when it was first proposed, making him realize that little was known about vascular pathology in cerebrovascular diseases [1]. C M Fisher returned to Montreal in 1950 to become the neuropathologist at Montreal General Hospital and continued making instrumental observations. This was followed by an invitation in 1954 from Dr. Adams, then newly appointed Chief of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), to return to Boston with the aim of developing the first ever stroke service [1]. This set forth a collaboration which helped change the face of neurology, with interest in the research and care of stroke patients lifted out of obscurity. Under C M Fisher, the service produced trainees that became worldwide leaders in stroke care; moreover, stroke became recognized as, primarily, a neurological discipline. Receiving numerous accolades for having revolutionized the clinical and neuropathological understanding—and management—of cerebrovascular diseases, he especially treasured induction into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 1998 [4]. He credited his selfless wife, Doris, for managing all nonmedical aspects of his life—often driving him to work and back, after the late nights spent at MGH toward the later years of his career. Although officially retired from Professorship at MGH in 1980, he nonetheless continued to be remarkably active over the next 25 years as Emeritus Professor at Harvard Medical School and Senior Consultant. Doris and C M Fisher—married for 68 years—were survived by two sons and a daughter. He passed on April 14, 2012, in Albany, New York at the age of 98 due to an accumulation of ailments [4]. One foundational contribution from early on in his career, in 1951, includes the reported association between stroke and carotid artery disease [6]. Removal of 1100 pairs of carotid arteries supported his hypothesis [5], and this opened * Andrzej Grzybowski [email protected]