LAUSR

To investigate the role of intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) compared to volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for the radiation treatment of thymoma cancer. Twenty patients were retrospectively planned for IMPT [with (IMPT_R1 or IMPT_R2 according to the approach adopted) and without robust optimization] and VMAT. The results were compared according to dose-volume metrics on the clinical and planning target volumes (CTV and PTV) and the main organs at risk (heart, breasts, lungs, spinal cord and oesophagus). Estimates of the excess absolute risk (EAR) of secondary cancer induction were determined for the oesophagus, the breasts and the composite lungs. For the heart, the relative risk (RR) of chronic heart failure (CHF) was assessed. IMPT and VMAT plans resulted equivalent in terms of target coverage for both the CTV and the PTV. The CTV homogeneity index resulted in 0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.04 ± 0.01 for VMAT and all IMPT plans, respectively. The conformality index resulted in 1.1 ± 0.1 and 1.2 ± 0.1 for VMAT and all IMPT plans. The mean dose to the breasts resulted in 10.5 ± 5.0, 4.5 ± 3.4, 4.7 ± 3.5 and 4.6 ± 3.4 Gy for VMAT, IMPT, IMPT_R1 and IMPT_R2. For the lungs, the mean dose was 9.6 ± 2.3, 3.5 ± 1.5, 3.6 ± 1.6 and 3.8 ± 1.4 Gy; for the heart: 8.7 ± 4.4, 4.3 ± 1.9, 4.5 ± 2.0 and 4.4 ± 2.4 Gy and for the oesophagus 8.2 ± 3.5, 2.2 ± 3.4, 2.4 ± 3.6 and 2.5 ± 3.5 Gy. The RR for CHF was 1.6 ± 0.3 for VMAT and 1.3 ± 0.2 for IMPT (R1 or R2). The EAR was 3.6 ± 0.v vs 1.0 ± 0.6 or 1.2 ± 0.6 (excess cases/10,000 patients year) for the oesophagus; 17.4 ± 6.5 vs 5.7 ± 3.2 or 6.1 ± 3.8 for the breasts and 24.8 ± 4.3 vs 8.1 ± 2.7 or 8.7 ± 2.3 for the composite lungs for VMAT and IMPT_R, respectively. The data from this in-silico study suggest that intensity-modulated proton therapy could be significantly advantageous in the treatment of thymoma patients with particular emphasis to a substantial reduction of the risk of cardiac failure and secondary cancer induction. Robust planning is a technical pre-requisite for the safety of the delivery.