LAUSR

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process and plays key roles in energy recycle and homeostasis maintenance during planarian regeneration. Although planarians provide an ideal model organism for studying autophagy in vivo, the molecular mechanism of planarian autophagy is still unknown. Here, we identify three autophagy-related (Atg) gene 1 homologs from Dugesia japonica and study their roles in planarian regeneration. Both DjATG1-1 and DjATG1-2 proteins show homology to vertebrate unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) and ULK2, DjATG1-3 shows homology to vertebrate ULK3. In contrast to the ubiquitously expressed DjAtg1-1 and DjAtg1-3, DjAtg1-2 is mainly expressed in the intestine branches and epidermis. All the three DjAtg1s can respond to planarian regeneration and starvation. Both DjAtg1-1 and DjAtg1-2 are expressed in the reproductive organs of the starved sexual worms. DjAtg1-1 or DjAtg1-3 RNAi leads to head lysis and death of starved planarians, accompanied by exhaustion of neoblasts. DjAtg1-1 RNAi causes autophagy and regeneration defects and decreases proliferation and cell death; both DjAtg1-2 and DjAtg1-3 RNAi cause no autophagy or regeneration defect but increase cell death during regeneration. Our findings uncover the roles of DjAtg1s in autophagy and regeneration of planarian and highlight the links between proliferation, cell death, and autophagy during regeneration.