LAUSR

Gradient vector flow (GVF) snakes are an efficient method for segmentation of ultrasound images of breast cancer. However, the method produces inaccurate results if the seeds are initialized improperly (far from the true boundaries and close to the false boundaries). Therefore, we propose a novel initialization method designed for GVF-type snakes based on walking particles. At the first step, the algorithm locates the seeds at converging and diverging configurations of the vector field. At the second step, the seeds “explode,” generating a set of random walking particles designed to differentiate between the seeds located inside and outside the object. The method has been tested against five state-of-the-art initialization methods on sixty ultrasound images from a database collected by Thammasat University Hospital of Thailand (http://onlinemedicalimages.com). The ground truth was hand-drawn by leading radiologists of the hospital. The competing methods were: trial snake method (TS), centers of divergence method (CoD), force field segmentation (FFS), Poisson Inverse Gradient Vector Flow (PIG), and quasi-automated initialization (QAI). The numerical tests demonstrated that CoD and FFS failed on the selected test images, whereas the average accuracy of PIG and QAI was 73 and 87%, respectively, versus 97% achieved by the proposed method. Finally, TS has shown a comparable accuracy of about 93%; however, the method is about ten times slower than the proposed exploding seeds. A video demonstration of the algorithm is at http://onlinemedicalimages.com/index.php/en/presentations.