LAUSR

Background At present, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatments targeting systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are complex, variable, and often have disappointing outcomes. High levels of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) or CD80/CD86 on B cell surfaces are markers of increased B cell activity. However, their expression levels on CD19 + CD20 +/− B cells and their clinical significance for SLE dynamics have not been carefully investigated. Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CD80, and CD86 on CD19 + CD20 +/− B cells in peripheral blood from SLE patients and healthy controls (HCs). The amount of anti-dsDNA and immunoglobin G (IgG) secreted by CD19 + CD20 +/− B cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results CD19 + CD20 − B cell frequency was significantly higher in SLE patients than in HCs ( P  < 0.001), and was positively correlated with disease activity. In SLE patients, frequencies of PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and CD86 on CD19 + CD20 − B cells were significantly higher than CD19 + CD20 + B cells ( P  ≤ 0.002) and were significantly correlated with individual laboratory and clinically based parameters ( P  < 0.05). In vitro tests, we found that the levels of anti-dsDNA and IgG secreted by CD19 + CD20 − B cells from patients with SLE were significantly higher than the HC group ( P  < 0.05). Conclusions We found abnormal frequency of CD19 + CD20 − B cells and increased expression of surface markers on these cells from SLE patients. And the CD19 + CD20 − B cells had the ability to proliferate and secrete anti-dsDNA and IgG. Additionally, our results suggested that CD19 + CD20 − B cells from SLE patients may be the activated B cells and caused poor efficacy of rituximab. Key Points • CD19 + CD20 − B cell frequencies were significantly higher in SLE patients. • Frequencies of PD-1 and its ligands on CD19 + CD20 − B cells increased significantly in SLE patients. • CD19 + CD20 − B cells in SLE patients had the ability to secrete anti-dsDNA and IgG. • CD19 + CD20 − B cells in SLE patients may be the activated B cells and caused poor efficacy of rituximab.