LAUSR

The present work investigates the formation process and early stage evolution of turbulent swirling vortex rings, by using planar Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Vortex rings are produced in a piston-nozzle arrangement with swirl generated by 3D-printed axial swirlers in experiments. Idealised solid-body rotation is applied in LES to evaluate the effect of nozzle exit velocity profile in experiments. The Reynolds number ( R e ) based on the nozzle diameter D and the slug velocity U 0 in the nozzle is 20,000. The swirl number S generated ranges from 0 (zero-swirl vortex ring) and 1.1, covering the two critical swirl numbers previously identified in a swirling jet. Both PIV and LES results show that the formation number F decreases linearly as S increases, with the maximum F ≈ 2.6 at S = 0 (produced by the swirler with straight vanes) and minimum F = 1.9 at S = 1.1. The corresponding maximum attainable circulation in the nozzle axis parallel plane also diminishes with increasing S . Evolution of compact rings produced by a stroke ratio L / D = 1.5 reveals that circulation decay rate is largely proportional to S . The trajectory of the vortex core in the axial direction, hence the ring axial propagation velocity, decreases as S , while that in the radial direction and the radial propagation velocity, increase with S . An empirical scaling function is proposed to scale these variables.