LAUSR

Background and Aims Environmental fluctuations due to anthropogenic activities show negative effects on plant growth and crop production. Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) pollution is most dangerous and is devastating most of the cultivable land. The current study evaluated the Cd induced toxicity in Lycopersicon esculentum plants and the mitigating role of rhizobacteria. Methods Different parameters such as metal uptake, metal chelators, oxidative stress markers, antioxidative defense expression, secondary metabolites, H 2 O 2 tagging, MDA localization and cell viability has been assessed. Results Cd accumulation enhanced by 64.7% in roots and 267.1% in shoots, which resulted in generating oxidative burst measured in the terms of superoxide content (54.5%), H 2 O 2 (255.1%), and MDA (202.2%) content. Moreover, the Cd stress also modulated the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, organic acids and metal chelators were also enhanced in plants under the influence of Cd. Inoculation of rhizobacterial strains reduced the Cd uptake in plant parts (roots and shoots), increased heavy metal tolerance index (HMTI) and reduced oxidative stress markers. Also, enzymatic antioxidants such as, SOD, POD, PPO were increased in microbe inoculated plants whereas CAT, GPOX, APOX, GST, DHAR and GR were reduced. In situ immobilization studies were also conducted in root sections of L. esculentum in which Cd localization, H 2 O 2 accumulation, cell viability and MDA accumulation were observed using confocal and visible microscopy. Conclusions Reduction in the levels of H 2 O 2, MDA and Cd accumulation along with improved cell viability was observed in the rhizobacterial inoculated plants.