LAUSR

Uncertainty and disturbance from the external world challenge the sustainable development of cities. With the rise of tourism and global economic change, tourism and urban development have become intertwined. This study develops a macro–micro hierarchical resilience measurement model for tourism city from a resident perception-based perspective. Using Sanya, on China’s Hainan province, as a case, rigorous procedures were followed for measurement development. First, a measurement scale was designed. Thereafter, exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) was conducted to explore the multidimensionality of each domain, and bifactor-exploratory structural equation modelling (bifactor-ESEM) was carried out to identify the overarching construct of city tourism resilience. From both a macro level and a micro level, with five domains (social, economy, environment, institution and knowledge), ten overarching factors addressing the resilience structure of urban tourism destination were identified.