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This special issue of Environmental Science and Pollution Research is a compilation of 22 original research papers that were presented as either oral or poster communications during the 5th European Conference on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAAOP-5, http://www. eaaop5.com) held in Prague, the Czech Republic, between 25 and 29 June 2017. This well-established series of events attracts researchers and professionals from all over the world to discuss advances and recent trends in the field of AOPs and environment-related applications. The number of attendees of EAAOP-5 has exceeded 270 participants from 42 countries covering 4 continents. They came from different geographical areas including the EU (Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, the UK), Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Turkey), South and North America (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the USA), Asia (China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore), and other countries such as the Russian Federation, Switzerland, and South Africa. They produced a valuable amount of information and knowledge, contained in more than 330 contributions (80 oral and 250 poster communications). The number of contributions in EAAOP conference series increases gradually since the first edition in September 2006 (Crete, Greece), which also points out an increasing interest of the scientific community on the advanced oxidation processes. This conference represents a good international opportunity to highlight and improve the recent knowledge and research about the treatment of waters, wastewaters, gaseous pollutants, and soils by AOPs. About 25% of the papers in this issue are devoted to photocatalytic processes, while 20% to Fenton and Fenton-like processes. The remaining part (about 55%) deals with the activated persulfate process, electrochemical oxidation, ozonation, as well as combinations of various AOPs. Theguesteditorswouldliketothankallauthorscontributingto this issue, as well as the many reviewers called upon to offer constructive advice for the improvement of submissions. They extendtheirsincerethankstoSpringerfor theopportunityprovided to compile this special issue andwould like to thank in particular Dr. Philippe Garrigues, Editor-in-Chief of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, and the Editorial Assistants of thejournalfor theirgreatsupportandpatienceateverystageinthe preparation of the issue. There appears to be a long-lasting and constructive relationship between Environmental Science and PollutionResearchand theEAAOPseriesof conferences,which we hopewill continue in the years to come. Josef Krysa would like to thank for the financial support from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic (project LTACH17007) and from a specific university research grant (MSMT No. 20-SVV/2017).