LAUSR

We present a model for cell growth, division and packing under soft constraints that arise from the deformability of the cells as well as of a membrane that encloses them. Our treatment falls within the framework of diffuse interface methods, under which each cell is represented by a scalar phase field and the zero level set of the phase field represents the cell membrane. One crucial element in the treatment is the definition of a free energy density function that penalizes cell overlap, thus giving rise to a simple model of cell–cell contact. In order to properly represent cell packing and the associated free energy, we include a simplified representation of the anisotropic mechanical response of the underlying cytoskeleton and cell membrane through penalization of the cell shape change. Numerical examples demonstrate the evolution of multi-cell clusters and of the total free energy of the clusters as a consequence of growth, division and packing.