LAUSR

To outline a comprehensive clinical evaluation of secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) and to review the state-of-the-art, diagnostic advances, therapeutic challenges, and future developments. SMR is commonly observed in heart failure patients. With an increasing heart failure incidence in an aging population, the prevalence of SMR is expected to rise significantly. SMR is associated with more symptoms, increased hospitalizations for heart failure, and overall worse prognosis. Both diagnostic approach and therapeutic management are challenging, but recent studies provide solutions and significant developments in this rapidly evolving field. SMR is a complex valvular heart disease, affecting a significant proportion of heart failure patients, and is associated with a worse prognosis. Key challenges are refinement of diagnostic assessment to improve patient selection for the respective therapeutic approach. Mastering the challenge of SMR requires a multidisciplinary collaborative effort, both in clinical practice and scientific approach to optimize patient outcomes.