LAUSR

Abstract$$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2 being a wide band gap semiconducting material cannot use the solar insolation for photocatalysis. An interesting strategy is to dope $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2 with upconverting rare earth materials, which upon infrared (IR) or visible light irradiation can emit ultraviolet light to generate excitons in $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2 for further catalytic reactions. This manuscript reports the incorporation of $$\hbox {Er}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}/\hbox {Yb}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}$$Er2O3/Yb2O3 into $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2via two synthetic methodologies. One of which yields the co-presence of rare earth oxides and $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2 on the surface, while the other synthetic route yields the rare earth oxides in the core of the $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2 shell. The detailed structural, morphological and optical properties of the laboratory synthesized materials were studied by powder XRD, FE-SEM, STEM, HR-TEM, BET, UV-DRS and PL. The surfaces of the materials did show some difference in their properties depending on their synthesis route, however, the two photon excitation was similar to both the set of materials. The synthesized materials were studied for degradation of rhodamine B dye, and the results suggested that the presence of $$\hbox {Er}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}/\hbox {Yb}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}$$Er2O3/Yb2O3 on the $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2 surface was detrimental for catalytic application, while $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$TiO2 exposed on the surface with $$\hbox {Er}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}/\hbox {Yb}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}$$Er2O3/Yb2O3 in the core can be a choice of materials for photocatalytic application.