LAUSR

Rice is one of the most widely consumed staple foods in the world, generating enormous biomass residues. In recent years, the abundance of residues as well as recent advancements in conversion technologies has improved the viability of bioenergy from rice residues as a potential source of renewable energy. This review assesses the technical barriers in converting rice residues (particularly rice straw and rice husk) to bioenergy around the globe and highlights the issues involved in current technologies. Strategies to resolve those barriers are recommended for thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies. A comprehensive summary on the latest developments on conversion technologies is presented. The work also discusses the latest works in high value–added products from rice biomass conversion focused on lactic acid, levulinic acid, xylose, adsorbents for contaminants, alternative materials in the construction industry, and applications in renewable energy. Future perspectives and research gaps are also elucidated.