LAUSR

Finerenone is a nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) that demonstrated efficacy in delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and reducing cardiovascular events in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus in FIDELIO-DKD, where 5734 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either finerenone or placebo, with a median follow-up of 2.6 years. Doses of finerenone 10 or 20 mg once daily were titrated based on (serum) potassium and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The MRA mode of action increases potassium. Nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models were used to analyze the finerenone dose–exposure–response relationship for potassium in FIDELIO-DKD. Individual time-varying exposures from pharmacokinetic analyses were related to the potassium response via a maximal effect, indirect-response model informed by 148,384 serum potassium measurements. Although observed potassium levels decreased with increasing dose (i.e., inverse relation), model-based simulations for a fixed-dose setting (i.e., no dose titration) revealed the intrinsic finerenone dose–exposure–potassium response, with potassium levels increasing in a dose- and exposure-dependent manner, thus explaining the apparent conflict. The potassium limit for inclusion and uptitration from finerenone 10 to 20 mg in FIDELIO-DKD was ≤ 4.8 mmol/L. Modified limits of ≤ 5.0 mmol/L were simulated, resulting in higher hyperkalemia frequencies for both the finerenone and the placebo arms, whereas the relative hyperkalemia risk of a finerenone treatment compared with placebo did not increase. The analyses demonstrated the effectiveness of finerenone dose titration in managing serum potassium and provide a quantitative basis to guide safe clinical use.