LAUSR

The equation governing the dynamics of a heat-exchanger tube is a delay differential equation (DDE). In all the earlier studies, only the stability boundaries in the parametric space of mass-damping parameter and reduced flow-velocity were reported. The contour plots showing the damping in different regions of the stability chart has never been reported, due to the complexity in solving the infinite-dimensional nonlinear eigenvalue problem associated with characteristic roots of the governing DDE. In this work using Galerkin approximations, the spectrum (characteristic roots) of the DDE is obtained. The rightmost characteristic root, whose real part represents the damping in the heat-exchanger tube is included in the stability chart. Interestingly, it is found that the highest damping is present in localized areas of the stability charts, which are close to the stability boundaries. These stability charts can be used to determine the optimal cross-flow velocities for operating the heat-exchanger tube for achieving maximum damping. Explicit evaluation of the characteristic roots allows us to show that the roots cross the stability boundary with a non-zero velocity, clearly indicating the existence of Hopf bifurcation at the stability boundary.