LAUSR

Combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer has been widely recommended for improving soil bio-physical properties. However, detailed exploration of combined application on crop eco-physiological performance is limited. In this study, we explored the agronomic and eco-physiological responses of wheat crop grown under different combinations of rice-husk ash (RHA/biochar), farmyard manure (FYM) and chemical fertilizers in a silty loam soil. Aboveground biomass varied significantly across the treatments and was found higher (11–31%) under chemical fertilizer-applied treatments, but lower (6%) under sole RHA-applied treatment as compared to control. Crop eco-physiological parameters varied significantly (at P  < 0.01) with the treatment and crop growth stages. Sole chemical fertilizer- and FYM-applied treatments showed better (5–26% higher), whereas sole RHA- and combined RHA + FYM-applied treatments showed poor (2–15% lower) photosynthetic rate as compared to control. Ear length was moderately correlated ( r  = 0.53) with aboveground biomass and explained 27% of the variability in it. Transpiration rate, intercellular CO 2 concentration and water-use efficiency (WUEp) were identified as the major determinants of photosynthetic rate during vegetative and maturity growth stages. WUEp along with transpiration rate was found to explain 94% of the variability in photosynthetic rate for overall dataset. The findings suggest that combined RHA + FYM amendment may limit crop agronomic and eco-physiological performance due to nutrient immobilization. Therefore, combined application of RHA + FYM with chemical fertilizer application at reduced rate can be suggested for improving crop eco-physiological and agronomic responses under the sustainable agriculture practices in silty loam soils of tropical dryland agro-ecosystems.