LAUSR

We describe here a simple strategy to characterize transport specificity of NADH:quinone oxidoreductases, using Na+-translocating (NQR) and H+-translocating (NDH-1) enzymes of the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii as the models. Submillimolar concentrations of Na+ and Li+ increased the rate of deaminoNADH oxidation by the inverted membrane vesicles prepared from the NDH-1-deficient strain. The vesicles generated carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)-resistant electric potential difference and CCCP-stimulated pH difference (alkalinization inside) in the presence of Na+. These findings testified a primary Na+-pump function of A. vinelandii NQR. Furthermore, ΔpH measurements with fluorescent probes (acridine orange and pyranine) demonstrated that A. vinelandii NQR cannot transport H+ under various conditions. The opposite results obtained in similar measurements with the vesicles prepared from the NQR-deficient strain indicated a primary H+-pump function of NDH-1. Based on our findings, we propose a package of simple experiments that are necessary and sufficient to unequivocally identify the pumping specificity of a bacterial Na+ or H+ transporter. The NQR-deficient strain, but not the NDH-1-deficient one, exhibited impaired growth characteristics under diazotrophic condition, suggesting a role for the Na+ transport in nitrogen fixation by A. vinelandii.