LAUSR

Abstract This paper investigates how the strategic decisions of innovative firms to collaborate with other firms in research and development projects shape the early evolution of smart grid technologies as an emerging technological system across Europe. The early innovations and developments in an emerging technological system are crucial for understanding further developments of the system. This early stage is highly influenced by the strategic decisions and lobbying power of the firms experimenting with different technological innovations, and the policies trying to maintain competition and steer the direction of innovative activities. Therefore, it is important to analyze how innovative firms behave in terms of collaborating with other firms and doing research on specific energy solutions, which reflect their strategic priorities. By taking a complex network approach, this paper investigates a network of smart grid R&D projects to analyze the convergence of smart grid research activities towards a stream of innovative solutions, and the variety of innovative activities branching out from these solutions. The results verify the convergence of smart grid activities towards one specific stream of innovations, and reveal the existence of four variations centered around different technological applications. The results can guide strategy development in innovative firms to take part in research collaborations or focus on specific smart energy technologies, and have implications for policy makers aiming to influence the direction of smart grid research programs, as well as for researchers in the field of smart grid innovation and technological innovation systems.