LAUSR

Abstract The brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis, an important endocrine system, is closely related to gonadal development in teleosts. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of reproduction-related hormones in the BPG axis during early ovarian differentiation and development from 30 to 160 days post hatching (dph) in the red spotted grouper. The immune signals of FSHβ and LHβ were detected by immunohistochemistry. kiss1, kiss2, gpr54, gnrh1, fshβ, and lhβ gene expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR. 17β-estradiol (E2) levels were analyzed by ELISA. The immune signals of FSHβ and LHβ were detected in the central, ventral, or marginal part of the proximal pars distalis area at 55, 80, 100, 120, and 160 dph, along with a few signals detected in the external border of the pars intermedia area at 55, 120, and 160 dph. As a result of histological observation, we determined that ovarian differentiation began at 80 dph and finished at 120 dph. At 30 dph before ovarian differentiation, only the FSHβ signal was detected but with weak reaction, suggesting the earlier appearance of FSHβ than LHβ after hatching. Comparison of the signal intensity and gene expression of FSHβ and LHβ indicated that LH had stronger signals and higher transcript levels at 80 dph while E2 levels also increased, suggesting that LH may play a more active role in the onset of ovarian differentiation. gnrh1 and the kisspeptin genes showed no clear changes, but gpr54 (kisspeptin receptor) significantly increased during the ovarian differentiation phase. These results suggest that the kisspeptin receptor GPR54 may be involved in ovarian differentiation in the red spotted grouper.