LAUSR

Abstract Recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) are intensive fish production systems, with reduced use of water and land. However, their high energy requirement is a drawback, which increases both operational costs and the potential impacts created by the use of fossil fuels. Energy use in RAS has been studied indirectly and/or mentioned in several publications. Nevertheless, its importance and impacts have not been studied. In aiming to achieve economic and environmentally sustainable production a compromise has to be found between water use, waste discharge, energy consumption and productivity. The current review discusses published studies about energy use and RAS designs efficiencies. Moreover, with the aim of making an industry baseline study a survey about the energy use in commercial scale RAS was conducted. The design of more efficient and less energy dependent RAS is presented, including optimized unit processes, system integration and equipment selection. The main conclusions are: fossil based fuels are less cost-effective than renewable energies; energy is of little concern for the majority of the industry, and renewable energies are of potential use in RAS.