LAUSR

Graphical abstract Figure. No Caption available. Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) is a multifunctional cytokine, capable of governing several cellular functions, including proliferation, motility, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been shown to facilitate tissue repair, postnatal neovascularization, and tumor associated angiogenesis. Nevertheless, the impact of BMP‐2 on angiogenesis of human EPCs has largely remained a mystery. In this study, we found that BMP‐2 promoted cell migration and tube formation of EPCs in a concentration‐dependent manner, indicating BMP‐2 induced in vitro angiogenesis in human EPCs. Furthermore, BMP‐2 significantly increased microvessel formation in Matrigel plug assay, and BMP‐2 antagonist noggin prevented BMP‐2‐induced in vivo angiogenesis. Mechanistic investigations showed BMP‐2 profoundly induced the expression of Id‐1 and integrin &agr;6 as well as EPCs angiogenesis by activating PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Moreover, knockdown of Id‐1 and integrin &agr;6 by siRNA transfection obviously attenuated BMP‐2‐indueced tube formation of EPCs. These results suggest that BMP‐2 promotes angiogenesis in human EPCs through the activation of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and Id‐1/integrin &agr;6 signaling cascades. This is the first demonstration that BMP‐2 exhibits the angiogenesis property on human EPCs. BMP‐2 might serve as the potential therapeutic target for treatment of angiogenesis‐related diseases.